Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials 2308-4057 2310-9599 54975 10.21603/2308-4057-2023-1-554 Research Article Research Article Research Article Assessment of trace elements in canned fish and health risk appraisal Assessment of trace elements in canned fish and health risk appraisal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-0315 Islam Md Saiful Islam Md Saiful msaifulpstu@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9022 Mustafa Ramal Ahmed Mustafa Ramal Ahmed Patuakhali Science and Technology University Patuakhali Бангладеш Patuakhali Science and Technology University Patuakhali Bangladesh University of Garmian Kalar Россия University of Garmian Kalar Russian Federation 17 03 2023 17 03 2023 11 1 43 56 27 06 2022 09 08 2022 https://jfrm.ru/en/issues/20672/20808/

Trace elements are dangerous to human health and there is a rising concern about the quality of processed foods in some parts of the world, especially in Iraq. The chemical composition (total sold, moisture, and ash) and concentrations of trace elements in canned fish (Skipjack tuna, Sardines, Tuna fish, Sardines, and Mackerel) from the Kalar market, Iraq were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The ranges obtained for the elements in mg/kg were as follows: Se (0.025–0.77), As (0.02–1.07), B (0.05–0.7), Ag (0.04–0.83), Ba (0.05–0.975), Mg (29.8–37.5), Mn (0.97–2.09), Cu (0.91–3.09), and Zn (5.12–11.7). The studied canned fishes pose no risk with respect to the estimated daily intake of Se, As, B, Ag, Ba, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn. The total target hazard quotients for the studied metals from individual fish species (except Fme, Fma, and Fsh) were more than one, which was responsible for noncarcinogenic risks. The target carcinogenic risk value for arsenic was also higher than the standard (10-4) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It revealed that the consumption of canned fish causes a chronic cancer risk to humans.

Trace elements are dangerous to human health and there is a rising concern about the quality of processed foods in some parts of the world, especially in Iraq. The chemical composition (total sold, moisture, and ash) and concentrations of trace elements in canned fish (Skipjack tuna, Sardines, Tuna fish, Sardines, and Mackerel) from the Kalar market, Iraq were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The ranges obtained for the elements in mg/kg were as follows: Se (0.025–0.77), As (0.02–1.07), B (0.05–0.7), Ag (0.04–0.83), Ba (0.05–0.975), Mg (29.8–37.5), Mn (0.97–2.09), Cu (0.91–3.09), and Zn (5.12–11.7). The studied canned fishes pose no risk with respect to the estimated daily intake of Se, As, B, Ag, Ba, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn. The total target hazard quotients for the studied metals from individual fish species (except Fme, Fma, and Fsh) were more than one, which was responsible for noncarcinogenic risks. The target carcinogenic risk value for arsenic was also higher than the standard (10-4) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It revealed that the consumption of canned fish causes a chronic cancer risk to humans.

 Proximate chemical composition trace elements toxic elements health risk canned fish Iraq Proximate chemical composition trace elements toxic elements health risk canned fish Iraq

Zhang FF, Barr SI, McNulty H, Li D, Blumberg JB. Health effects of vitamin and mineral supplements. BMJ. 2020;369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2511 Zhang FF, Barr SI, McNulty H, Li D, Blumberg JB. Health effects of vitamin and mineral supplements. BMJ. 2020;369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2511 Ahmed MK, Shaheen N, Islam MS, Habibullah-al-Mamun M, Islam S, Mohiduzzaman Md, et al. Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2015;128:284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.016 Ahmed MK, Shaheen N, Islam MS, Habibullah-al-Mamun M, Islam S, Mohiduzzaman Md, et al. Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2015;128:284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.016 Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Idris AM, Phoungthong K, Habib MA, Mustafa RA. Geochemical speciation and bioaccumulation of trace elements in different tissues of pumpkin in the abandoned soils: Health hazard perspective in a developing country. Toxin Reviews. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.1977325 Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Idris AM, Phoungthong K, Habib MA, Mustafa RA. Geochemical speciation and bioaccumulation of trace elements in different tissues of pumpkin in the abandoned soils: Health hazard perspective in a developing country. Toxin Reviews. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.1977325 Thompson LA, Darwish WS. Environmental chemical contaminants in food: Review of a global problem. Journal of Toxicology. 2019;2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2345283 Thompson LA, Darwish WS. Environmental chemical contaminants in food: Review of a global problem. Journal of Toxicology. 2019;2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2345283 Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Raknuzzaman M. The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in Bangladesh. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2015;122:462-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.022 Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Raknuzzaman M. The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in Bangladesh. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2015;122:462-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.022 Kormoker T, Proshad R, Islam MS, Shamsuzzoha M, Akter A, Tusher TR. Concentrations, source apportionment and potential health risk of toxic metals in foodstuffs of Bangladesh. Toxin Reviews. 2020;40(4):1447-1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1731551 Kormoker T, Proshad R, Islam MS, Shamsuzzoha M, Akter A, Tusher TR. Concentrations, source apportionment and potential health risk of toxic metals in foodstuffs of Bangladesh. Toxin Reviews. 2020;40(4):1447-1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1731551 Munoz-Olivas R, Camara C. Speciation related to human health. In: Ebdon L, Pitts L, Cornelis R, Crews H, Donard OFX, Quevauviller P, editors. Trace element speciation for environment, food and health. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2001, pp. 331-353. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847552204-00331 Munoz-Olivas R, Camara C. Speciation related to human health. In: Ebdon L, Pitts L, Cornelis R, Crews H, Donard OFX, Quevauviller P, editors. Trace element speciation for environment, food and health. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2001, pp. 331-353. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847552204-00331 Islam MS, Proshad R, Asadul Haque M, Hoque MF, Hossin MS, Islam Sarker MN. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh. Geocarto International. 2020;35(3):280-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1516246 Islam MS, Proshad R, Asadul Haque M, Hoque MF, Hossin MS, Islam Sarker MN. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh. Geocarto International. 2020;35(3):280-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1516246 Mohammad MJ, Akbay C. An econometric analysis of urban households’ meat consumption in Erbil-Iraq. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2020;6(2):65-73. Mohammad MJ, Akbay C. An econometric analysis of urban households’ meat consumption in Erbil-Iraq. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2020;6(2):65-73. Islam MS, Islam ARMT, Phoungthong K, Ustaoğlu F, Tokatli C, Ahmed R, et al. Potentially toxic elements in vegetable and rice species in Bangladesh and their exposure assessment. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022;106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104350 Islam MS, Islam ARMT, Phoungthong K, Ustaoğlu F, Tokatli C, Ahmed R, et al. Potentially toxic elements in vegetable and rice species in Bangladesh and their exposure assessment. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022;106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104350 Pittas A, Dawson-Hughes B, Staten M. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(18):1785-1786. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1912185 Pittas A, Dawson-Hughes B, Staten M. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(18):1785-1786. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1912185 Lall SP, Kaushik SJ. Nutrition and metabolism of minerals in fish. Animals. 2021;11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092711 Lall SP, Kaushik SJ. Nutrition and metabolism of minerals in fish. Animals. 2021;11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092711 Ali MM, Ali ML, Proshad R, Islam S, Rahman Z, Kormok, T. Assessment of trace elements in the demersal fishes of a coastal River in Bangladesh: A public health concern. Thalassas. 2020;36(2):641-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-020-00227-7 Ali MM, Ali ML, Proshad R, Islam S, Rahman Z, Kormok, T. Assessment of trace elements in the demersal fishes of a coastal River in Bangladesh: A public health concern. Thalassas. 2020;36(2):641-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-020-00227-7 Medeiros RJ, dos Santos LMG, Freire AS, Santelli RE, Braga AMCB, Krauss TM, et al. Determination of inorganic trace elements in edible marine fish from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Food Control. 2012;23(2):535-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.08.027 Medeiros RJ, dos Santos LMG, Freire AS, Santelli RE, Braga AMCB, Krauss TM, et al. Determination of inorganic trace elements in edible marine fish from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Food Control. 2012;23(2):535-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.08.027 El Shehawy SM, Gab-Alla AA, Mutwally HMA. Proximate and elemental composition of important fish species in Makkah central fish market, Saudi Arabia. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2016;7:429-439. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2016.76044 El Shehawy SM, Gab-Alla AA, Mutwally HMA. Proximate and elemental composition of important fish species in Makkah central fish market, Saudi Arabia. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2016;7:429-439. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2016.76044 Adewumi AA, Adewole HA, Olaleye VF. Proximate and elemental composition of the fillets of some fish species in Osinmo Reservoir, Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2014;5(3):109-117. Adewumi AA, Adewole HA, Olaleye VF. Proximate and elemental composition of the fillets of some fish species in Osinmo Reservoir, Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2014;5(3):109-117. Antony Jesu Prabhu P, Holen E, Espe M, Silva MS, Holme MH, Hamre K, et al. Dietary selenium required to achieve body homeostasis and attenuate pro-inflammatory responses in Atlantic salmon post-smolt exceeds the present EU legal limit. Aquaculture. 2020;526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735413 Antony Jesu Prabhu P, Holen E, Espe M, Silva MS, Holme MH, Hamre K, et al. Dietary selenium required to achieve body homeostasis and attenuate pro-inflammatory responses in Atlantic salmon post-smolt exceeds the present EU legal limit. Aquaculture. 2020;526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735413 Watanabe T, Kiron V, Satoh S. Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture. 1997;151(1-4):185-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01503-7 Watanabe T, Kiron V, Satoh S. Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture. 1997;151(1-4):185-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01503-7 Boadi NO, Twumasi SK, Badu M, Osei I. Heavy metal contamination in canned fish marketed in Ghana. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;2(6):887-882. https://doi.org/10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.6.877.882 Boadi NO, Twumasi SK, Badu M, Osei I. Heavy metal contamination in canned fish marketed in Ghana. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;2(6):887-882. https://doi.org/10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.6.877.882 Tarley CRT, Visentainer JV, Matsushita M, de Souza NE. Proximate composition, cholesterol and fatty acids profile of canned sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) in soybean oil and tomato sauce. Food Chemistry. 2004;88(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.016 Tarley CRT, Visentainer JV, Matsushita M, de Souza NE. Proximate composition, cholesterol and fatty acids profile of canned sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) in soybean oil and tomato sauce. Food Chemistry. 2004;88(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.016 Malakootian M, Tahergorabi M, Daneshpajooh M, Amirtaheri K. Determination of Pb, Cd, Ni concentration in canned fish in southern Iran. Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;16(6):445-451. Malakootian M, Tahergorabi M, Daneshpajooh M, Amirtaheri K. Determination of Pb, Cd, Ni concentration in canned fish in southern Iran. Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;16(6):445-451. Andayesh S, Hadiani MR, Mousavi Z, Shoeibi S. Lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in canned tuna fish marketed in Tehran, Iran. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance. 2015;8(2):93-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2014.993430 Andayesh S, Hadiani MR, Mousavi Z, Shoeibi S. Lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in canned tuna fish marketed in Tehran, Iran. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance. 2015;8(2):93-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2014.993430 Pourjafar H, Ghasemnejad R, Noori N, Mohammadi K. Heavy metals content of canned tuna fish marketed in Tabriz, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2014;8(1):9-14. Pourjafar H, Ghasemnejad R, Noori N, Mohammadi K. Heavy metals content of canned tuna fish marketed in Tabriz, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2014;8(1):9-14. El Morsy FA, El-Sadaawy MM, Ahdy HHH, Abdel-Fattah LM, El-Sikaily AM, Khaled A, et al. Potential human health risks from toxic metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides via canned fish consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. 2013;48(12):1470-1478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.796782 El Morsy FA, El-Sadaawy MM, Ahdy HHH, Abdel-Fattah LM, El-Sikaily AM, Khaled A, et al. Potential human health risks from toxic metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides via canned fish consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. 2013;48(12):1470-1478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.796782 Hassan A-RHA, Zeinhom MMA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Tolba MH. Heavy metal dietary intake and potential health risks for university hostel students. Biological Trace Element Research. 2016;170(1):65-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0451-z Hassan A-RHA, Zeinhom MMA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Tolba MH. Heavy metal dietary intake and potential health risks for university hostel students. Biological Trace Element Research. 2016;170(1):65-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0451-z Shiber JG. Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in canned sardines commercially available in eastern Kentucky, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2011;62(1):66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.008 Shiber JG. Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in canned sardines commercially available in eastern Kentucky, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2011;62(1):66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.008 Storelli MM, Stuffler RG, Marcotrigiano GO. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane, and hexachlorobenzene residues in smoked seafood. Journal of Food Protection. 2003;66(6):1095-1099. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.6.1095 Storelli MM, Stuffler RG, Marcotrigiano GO. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane, and hexachlorobenzene residues in smoked seafood. Journal of Food Protection. 2003;66(6):1095-1099. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.6.1095 Storelli MM, Barone G, Cuttone G, Giungato D, Garofalo R. Occurrence of toxic metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in fresh and canned tuna: Public health implications. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(11):3167-3170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.013 Storelli MM, Barone G, Cuttone G, Giungato D, Garofalo R. Occurrence of toxic metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in fresh and canned tuna: Public health implications. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(11):3167-3170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.013 Russo R, Voi AL, De Simone A, Serpe FP, Anastasio A, Pepe T, et al. Heavy metals in canned tuna from Italian markets. Journal of Food Protection. 2013;76(2):355-359. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-346 Russo R, Voi AL, De Simone A, Serpe FP, Anastasio A, Pepe T, et al. Heavy metals in canned tuna from Italian markets. Journal of Food Protection. 2013;76(2):355-359. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-346 González-Estecha M, Martínez-García MJ, Fuentes-Ferrer M, Bodas-Pinedo A, Calle-Pascual A, Ordóñez-Iriarte JM, et al. Mercury in canned tuna in Spain. Is light tuna really light? Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2013;4:48-54. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.47A007 González-Estecha M, Martínez-García MJ, Fuentes-Ferrer M, Bodas-Pinedo A, Calle-Pascual A, Ordóñez-Iriarte JM, et al. Mercury in canned tuna in Spain. Is light tuna really light? Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2013;4:48-54. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.47A007 Olmedo P, Pla A, Hernández AF, Barbier F, Ayouni L, Gil F. Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk assessment for the consumers. Environment International. 2013;59:63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.005 Olmedo P, Pla A, Hernández AF, Barbier F, Ayouni L, Gil F. Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk assessment for the consumers. Environment International. 2013;59:63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.005 Obeid PJ, El-Khoury B, Burger J, Aouad S, Younis M, Aoun A, et al. Determination and assessment of total mercury levels in local, frozen and canned fish in Lebanon. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2011;23(9):1564-1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60546-3 Obeid PJ, El-Khoury B, Burger J, Aouad S, Younis M, Aoun A, et al. Determination and assessment of total mercury levels in local, frozen and canned fish in Lebanon. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2011;23(9):1564-1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60546-3 Suppin D, Zahlbruckner R, Krapfenbauer-Cermak CH, Hassan-Hauser CH, Smulders FJM. Mercury, lead and cadmium content of fresh and canned fish collected from Austrian retail operations. Ernährung/Nutrition. 2005;29(11):456-460. Suppin D, Zahlbruckner R, Krapfenbauer-Cermak CH, Hassan-Hauser CH, Smulders FJM. Mercury, lead and cadmium content of fresh and canned fish collected from Austrian retail operations. Ernährung/Nutrition. 2005;29(11):456-460. Kral T, Blahova J, Sedlackova L, Kalina J, Svobodova Z. Mercury in canned fish from local markets in the Czech Republic. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance. 2017;10(2):149-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1284904 Kral T, Blahova J, Sedlackova L, Kalina J, Svobodova Z. Mercury in canned fish from local markets in the Czech Republic. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance. 2017;10(2):149-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1284904 Ciecierska M, Obiedzinski M. Canned fish products contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2007;6(2):19-28. Ciecierska M, Obiedzinski M. Canned fish products contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2007;6(2):19-28. Alturiqi AS, Albedair LA. Evaluation of some heavy metals in certain fish, meat and meat products in Saudi Arabian markets. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 2012;38(1):45-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.08.003 Alturiqi AS, Albedair LA. Evaluation of some heavy metals in certain fish, meat and meat products in Saudi Arabian markets. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 2012;38(1):45-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.08.003 Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2005. Turkmen M, Turkmen A, Tepe Y, Tore Y, Ates A. Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Food Chemistry. 2009;113(1)233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.071 Turkmen M, Turkmen A, Tepe Y, Tore Y, Ates A. Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Food Chemistry. 2009;113(1)233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.071 Nascimento RS, Mendes DBC, Matos JMG, Silva JCJ, Ciminelli VST, Neto EB, et al. Determination of trace elements in Brazilian human milk by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and microwave-assisted digestion. Atomic Spectroscopy. 2008;29(3):77-82. Nascimento RS, Mendes DBC, Matos JMG, Silva JCJ, Ciminelli VST, Neto EB, et al. Determination of trace elements in Brazilian human milk by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and microwave-assisted digestion. Atomic Spectroscopy. 2008;29(3):77-82. Shaheen N, Irfan NM, Khan IN, Islam S, Islam MS, Ahmed MK. Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2016;152:431-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.060 Shaheen N, Irfan NM, Khan IN, Islam S, Islam MS, Ahmed MK. Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2016;152:431-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.060 Heikens A. Arsenic contamination of irrigation water, soil and crops in Bangladesh: Risk implications for sustainable agriculture and food safety in Asia. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; 2006. 46 p. Heikens A. Arsenic contamination of irrigation water, soil and crops in Bangladesh: Risk implications for sustainable agriculture and food safety in Asia. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; 2006. 46 p. Screening level ecological risks assessment protocol for hazardous waste combustion facilities. Appendix E: Toxicity reference values. USEPA; 1999. 98 p. Screening level ecological risks assessment protocol for hazardous waste combustion facilities. Appendix E: Toxicity reference values. USEPA; 1999. 98 p. Wang X, Sato T, Xing B, Tao S. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Science of the Total Environment. 2005;350(1-3):28-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044 Wang X, Sato T, Xing B, Tao S. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Science of the Total Environment. 2005;350(1-3):28-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044 Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Raknuzzaman M, Ali MM, Eaton DW. Health risk assessment due to heavy metal exposure from commonly consumed fish and vegetables. Environment Systems and Decisions. 2016;36(3):253-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-016-9592-7 Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Raknuzzaman M, Ali MM, Eaton DW. Health risk assessment due to heavy metal exposure from commonly consumed fish and vegetables. Environment Systems and Decisions. 2016;36(3):253-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-016-9592-7 Kormoker T, Idris AM, Khan MM, Tusher TR, Proshad R, Islam MS, et al. Spatial distribution, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risk assessment of some parameters controlling drinking water quality at selected primary schools located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Toxin Reviews. 2022;41(1):247-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1866012 Kormoker T, Idris AM, Khan MM, Tusher TR, Proshad R, Islam MS, et al. Spatial distribution, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risk assessment of some parameters controlling drinking water quality at selected primary schools located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Toxin Reviews. 2022;41(1):247-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1866012 Sajeena BB, Jose PP, Madhu G. Effect of total solid concentration on anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2013;3(8). Sajeena BB, Jose PP, Madhu G. Effect of total solid concentration on anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2013;3(8). Tawfik MS. proximate composition and fatty acids profiles in most common available fish species in Saudi market. Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;1(1):50-57. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcn.2009.50.57 Tawfik MS. proximate composition and fatty acids profiles in most common available fish species in Saudi market. Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;1(1):50-57. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcn.2009.50.57 Kelly Orhorhoro E, Okechukwu Ebunilo P, Ejuvwedia Sadjere G. Experimental Determination of effect of total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) on biogas yield. American Journal of Modern Energy. 2017;3(6):131-135. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajme.20170306.13 Kelly Orhorhoro E, Okechukwu Ebunilo P, Ejuvwedia Sadjere G. Experimental Determination of effect of total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) on biogas yield. American Journal of Modern Energy. 2017;3(6):131-135. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajme.20170306.13 Mogobe O, Mosepele K, Masamba WRL. Essential mineral content of common fish species in Chanoga, Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Food Science. 2015;9(9):480-486. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1307 Mogobe O, Mosepele K, Masamba WRL. Essential mineral content of common fish species in Chanoga, Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Food Science. 2015;9(9):480-486. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1307 Ahmed MK, Parvin E, Islam MM, Akter MS, Khan S, Al-Mamun MH. Lead- and cadmium-induced histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver tissues of fresh water climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Chemistry and Ecology. 2014;30(6):532-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2014.889123 Ahmed MK, Parvin E, Islam MM, Akter MS, Khan S, Al-Mamun MH. Lead- and cadmium-induced histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver tissues of fresh water climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Chemistry and Ecology. 2014;30(6):532-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2014.889123 Ashraf W, Seddigi Z, Abulkibash A, Khalid M. Levels of selected metals in canned fish consumed in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2006;117(1-3):271-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-0989-5 Ashraf W, Seddigi Z, Abulkibash A, Khalid M. Levels of selected metals in canned fish consumed in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2006;117(1-3):271-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-0989-5 Mansilla-Rivera I, Rodríguez-Sierra CJ. Metal levels in fish captured in Puerto Rico and estimation of risk from fish consumption. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2011;60(1):132-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9538-x Mansilla-Rivera I, Rodríguez-Sierra CJ. Metal levels in fish captured in Puerto Rico and estimation of risk from fish consumption. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2011;60(1):132-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9538-x Noël L, Chekri R, Millour S, Vastel C, Kadar A, Sirot V, et al. Li, Cr, Mn Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in foodstuffs from the Second French TDS. Food Chemistry. 2012;132(3):1502-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.009 Noël L, Chekri R, Millour S, Vastel C, Kadar A, Sirot V, et al. Li, Cr, Mn Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in foodstuffs from the Second French TDS. Food Chemistry. 2012;132(3):1502-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.009 Carvalho ML, Santiago S, Nunes ML. Assessment of the essential element and heavy metal content of edible fish muscle. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2005;382(2):426-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-3005-3 Carvalho ML, Santiago S, Nunes ML. Assessment of the essential element and heavy metal content of edible fish muscle. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2005;382(2):426-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-3005-3 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for vitamins and minerals. Parma: European Food Safety Authority; 2006. 482 p. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for vitamins and minerals. Parma: European Food Safety Authority; 2006. 482 p. Storelli MM, Marcotrigiano GO. Total organic, and inorganic arsenic in some commercial species of crustaceans from the Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Journal of Food Protection. 2001;64(11):1858-1862. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1858 Storelli MM, Marcotrigiano GO. Total organic, and inorganic arsenic in some commercial species of crustaceans from the Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Journal of Food Protection. 2001;64(11):1858-1862. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1858 Serbian regulation, maximum allowable contaminants in Food and Feed Act. 2014. Ministry of Agriculture; 2014. Serbian regulation, maximum allowable contaminants in Food and Feed Act. 2014. Ministry of Agriculture; 2014. Morgano MA, Rabonato LC, Milani RF, Miyagusku L, Quintaes KD. As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg in seafood species used for sashimi and evaluation of dietary exposure. Food Control. 2014;36(1):24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.036 Morgano MA, Rabonato LC, Milani RF, Miyagusku L, Quintaes KD. As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg in seafood species used for sashimi and evaluation of dietary exposure. Food Control. 2014;36(1):24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.036 Millour S, Noe L, Chekri R, Vastel C, Kadar A, Sirot V, et al. Strontium, silver, tin, iron, tellurium, gallium, germanium, barium and vanadium levels in foodstuffs from the Second French Total Diet Study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2012;25(2):108-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2011.10.004 Millour S, Noe L, Chekri R, Vastel C, Kadar A, Sirot V, et al. Strontium, silver, tin, iron, tellurium, gallium, germanium, barium and vanadium levels in foodstuffs from the Second French Total Diet Study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2012;25(2):108-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2011.10.004 Agusa T, Kunito T, Sudaryanto A, Monirith I, Kan-Atireklap S, Iwata H, et al. Exposure assessment for trace elements from consumption of marine fish in Southeast Asia. Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(3):766-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.034 Agusa T, Kunito T, Sudaryanto A, Monirith I, Kan-Atireklap S, Iwata H, et al. Exposure assessment for trace elements from consumption of marine fish in Southeast Asia. Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(3):766-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.034 Onsanit S, Ke C, Wang X, Wang K-J, Wang W-X. Trace elements in two marine fish cultured in fish cages in Fujian province, China. Environmental Pollution. 2010;158(5):1334-1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.012 Onsanit S, Ke C, Wang X, Wang K-J, Wang W-X. Trace elements in two marine fish cultured in fish cages in Fujian province, China. Environmental Pollution. 2010;158(5):1334-1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.012 Novakov NJ, Mihaljev ŽA, Kartalović BD, Blagojević BJ, Petrović JM, Ćirković MA, et al. Heavy metals and PAHs in canned fish supplies on the Serbian market. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance. 2017;10(3):208-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1322150 Novakov NJ, Mihaljev ŽA, Kartalović BD, Blagojević BJ, Petrović JM, Ćirković MA, et al. Heavy metals and PAHs in canned fish supplies on the Serbian market. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance. 2017;10(3):208-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1322150 Ahmed MK, Ahamed S, Rahman S, Haque MR, Islam MM. Heavy metals concentration in water, sediments and their bioaccumulations in some freshwater fishes and mussel in Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh. errestrial and Aquatic Environmental Toxicology. 2009;3(1):33-41. Ahmed MK, Ahamed S, Rahman S, Haque MR, Islam MM. Heavy metals concentration in water, sediments and their bioaccumulations in some freshwater fishes and mussel in Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh. errestrial and Aquatic Environmental Toxicology. 2009;3(1):33-41. Cheung KC, Leung HM, Wong MH. Metal concentrations of common freshwater and marine fish from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2008;54(4):705-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9064-7 Cheung KC, Leung HM, Wong MH. Metal concentrations of common freshwater and marine fish from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2008;54(4):705-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9064-7 Nauen CE. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1983. 102 p. Nauen CE. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1983. 102 p. Rahman MS, Molla AH, Saha N, Rahman A. Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chemistry. 2012;134(4):1847-1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.099 Rahman MS, Molla AH, Saha N, Rahman A. Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chemistry. 2012;134(4):1847-1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.099 Yılmaz AB, Sangün MK, Yaghoglu D, Turan C. Metals (major, essential to non-essential) composition of the different tissues of three demersal fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Food Chemistry. 2010;123(2):410-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.057 Yılmaz AB, Sangün MK, Yaghoglu D, Turan C. Metals (major, essential to non-essential) composition of the different tissues of three demersal fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Food Chemistry. 2010;123(2):410-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.057 Storelli MM, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Storelli A, Marcotrigiano GO. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in Swordfish and Bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: A comparative study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2005;50(9):1004-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.041 Storelli MM, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Storelli A, Marcotrigiano GO. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in Swordfish and Bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: A comparative study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2005;50(9):1004-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.041 Santos EE, Lauria DC, Porto Da Silveira CL. Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science of the Total Environment. 2004;327(1-3):69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.016 Santos EE, Lauria DC, Porto Da Silveira CL. Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science of the Total Environment. 2004;327(1-3):69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.016 Elnabris KJ, Muzyed SK, El-Ashgar NM. Heavy metal concentrations in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza Strip (Palestine). Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences. 2013;13(1):44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2012.06.001 Elnabris KJ, Muzyed SK, El-Ashgar NM. Heavy metal concentrations in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza Strip (Palestine). Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences. 2013;13(1):44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2012.06.001 Ramal A. Mustafa. Role Medicinal Plant Extracts Glossostemon bruguieri and (Moghat) On Bio-Yogurt Quality During Storage. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 2020;29(11):3341-3352. Ramal A. Mustafa. Role Medicinal Plant Extracts Glossostemon bruguieri and (Moghat) On Bio-Yogurt Quality During Storage. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 2020;29(11):3341-3352. Mandal BK, Suzuki KT. Arsenic round the world: A review. Talanta. 2002;58(1):201-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00268-0 Mandal BK, Suzuki KT. Arsenic round the world: A review. Talanta. 2002;58(1):201-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00268-0 Assessment of the tolerable daily intake of barium. European Union, 2012. 13 p. https://doi.org/10.2772/49651 Assessment of the tolerable daily intake of barium. European Union, 2012. 13 p. https://doi.org/10.2772/49651 Manganese. In: Recommended dietary allowances: 10th ed. Washington: National Academies Press; 1989. pp. 230-235. https://doi.org/10.17226/1349 Manganese. In: Recommended dietary allowances: 10th ed. Washington: National Academies Press; 1989. pp. 230-235. https://doi.org/10.17226/1349 Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996. Kortei NK, Heymann ME, Essuman EK, Kpodo FM, Akonor PT, Lokpo SY, et al. Health risk assessment and levels of toxic metals in fishes (Oreochromis noliticus and Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of illegal mining activities on food safety. Toxicology Reports. 2020;7:360-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.011 Kortei NK, Heymann ME, Essuman EK, Kpodo FM, Akonor PT, Lokpo SY, et al. Health risk assessment and levels of toxic metals in fishes (Oreochromis noliticus and Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of illegal mining activities on food safety. Toxicology Reports. 2020;7:360-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.011 Thakur J, Mhatre M. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Tilapia mossambicus fish from industrially polluted Patalganga River, India. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2015;3(2):486-490. Thakur J, Mhatre M. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Tilapia mossambicus fish from industrially polluted Patalganga River, India. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2015;3(2):486-490.