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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Food Processing: Techniques and Technology</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Food Processing: Techniques and Technology</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Техника и технология пищевых производств</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2074-9414</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2313-1748</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">76063</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21603/2074-9414-2024-1-2491</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Microwave-Convective Processing of Whipped Bread:  Mathematical Modeling</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Математическая модель процесса СВЧ  и конвективной выпечки хлеба из сбивного теста</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-9407</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Хвостов</surname>
       <given-names>Анатолий Анатольевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Khvostov</surname>
       <given-names>Anatoly A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-8387</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Магомедов</surname>
       <given-names>Газибег Омарович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Magomedov</surname>
       <given-names>Gazibeg O.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-3000</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ряжских</surname>
       <given-names>Виктор Иванович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ryazhskikh</surname>
       <given-names>Victor I.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2194-767X</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Журавлев</surname>
       <given-names>Алексей Александрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zhuravlev</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksey A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2494-4973</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Магомедов</surname>
       <given-names>Магомед Гасанович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Magomedov</surname>
       <given-names>Magomed G.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>mmg@inbox.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5959-6652</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Плотникова</surname>
       <given-names>Инесса Викторовна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Plotnikova</surname>
       <given-names>Inessa V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>plotnikova_2506@mail.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9880-9726</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Таратухин</surname>
       <given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Taratukhin</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksei S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный технический университет</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Technical University</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный технический университет</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Technical University</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-воздушных сил «Военно-воздушная академия имени профессора Н. Е. Жуковского и Ю. А. Гагарина» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Military Educational and Scientific Centre of the Air Force N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-воздушных сил «Военно-воздушная академия имени профессора Н. Е. Жуковского и Ю. А. Гагарина» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Military Educational and Scientific Centre of the Air Force N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-7">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-8">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-9">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-28T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>28</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2024</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-28T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>28</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2024</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>54</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>93</fpage>
   <lpage>103</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-01T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>01</day>
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-06T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2023</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://fptt.ru/en/issues/22328/22365/">https://fptt.ru/en/issues/22328/22365/</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>При выпечке сбивных бездрожжевых хлебобулочных изделий актуальным является внедрение эффективных источников подвода энергии к тестовым заготовкам для снижения энергозатрат и продолжительности выпечки, а также для повышения качества изделий. Целью работы являлась формализация математической модели процесса СВЧ и конвективной выпечки хлеба из сбивного теста на основе основных уравнений тепломассообмена и ее верификация.&#13;
Для проверки точности расчетов по разработанной математической модели провели натурный эксперимент. Он заключался в оценке нагрева сбивных тестовых заготовок влажностью 56 ± 1 % при СВЧ и конвективной выпечке до достижения температуры в центре мякиша хлеба 98 ± 1 °С. &#13;
Математическая модель выпечки формализована в виде уравнений сохранения энергии и массы. Это позволяет рассматривать процесс выпечки хлеба как нестационарный процесс тепло- и массопереноса влаги в изотропной несжимаемой сплошной среде в диффузионном приближении с учетом подвижной границы фазового перехода. Верификация математической модели показала, что оценка средней относительной погрешности составила для СВЧ-выпечки 14,5 % по температуре и 18,2 % по влагосодержанию, для конвективной выпечки 12,6 % по температуре и 9,7 % по влагосодержанию. Проведенные исследования позволили сделать вывод о адекватности математической модели реальным процессам тепломассообмена, а также приемлемой для оптимизации процесса погрешности расчета полей температуры и влагосодержания.&#13;
Разработанная физико-математическая модель процесса выпечки позволяет оценить динамику температурных и влагоконцентрационных полей в тестовой заготовке в зависимости от технологических параметров. Математическая модель и результаты вычислительных экспериментов могут быть использованы для идентификации статических и динамических характеристик процесса выпечки как объекта автоматического управления, выявления предпочтительных каналов управления и выбора управляющих воздействий, а также для синтеза системы автоматического управления процессом выпечки по заданным показателям качества.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Whipped yeast-free bakery products require effective energy supply to dough in order to optimize energy consumption, baking time, and quality. This article introduces a verified mathematical model of microwave and convective baking for whipped bread based on heat and mass exchange equations.&#13;
A full-scale experiment to verify the calculations involved dough samples with a humidity of 56 ± 1%. The samples underwent microwave and convective processing until the temperature in the crumb center reached 98 ± 1°C.&#13;
The mathematical model was formalized as energy and mass conservation equations, which made it possible to consider baking as a non-stationary process of heat and mass transfer of moisture in an isotropic incompressible continuous medium in the diffusion approximation. The equation took into account the unstable phase transition boundary. The practical verification showed the mean error for microwave baking as 14.5% in temperature and 18.2% in moisture content. For convective baking, the results included 12.6% in temperature and 9.7% in moisture content. The mathematical model proved adequate to the real processes of heat and mass transfer. The error in calculating the temperature and moisture content fields was sufficient tooptimize the process.&#13;
The physical and mathematical model of the baking process made it possible to evaluate the effect of technological variables on the temperature and moisture concentration fields in the dough samples. The mathematical model and the computational experiment can be used to identify static and dynamic characteristics of baking as an object of automatic control, i.e., to identify optimal control channels and actions, as well as to adjust the automatic control system to specific quality indicators.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Хлеб</kwd>
    <kwd>сбивное тесто</kwd>
    <kwd>хлебный мякиш</kwd>
    <kwd>хлебная корка</kwd>
    <kwd>СВЧ-выпечка</kwd>
    <kwd>конвективная выпечка</kwd>
    <kwd>тепломассоперенос</kwd>
    <kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd>
    <kwd>задача Стефана</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Bread</kwd>
    <kwd>aerated dough</kwd>
    <kwd>bread crumb</kwd>
    <kwd>bread crusts</kwd>
    <kwd>microwave baking</kwd>
    <kwd>convection baking</kwd>
    <kwd>heat and mass transfer</kwd>
    <kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>Stefan problem</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена на базе Воронежского государственного университета инженерных технологий  (ВГУИТ).</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was performed on the premises of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies (VSUET).</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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