Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Introduction. A herd of zeboid cattle was created by the Snegiri Scientific and Experimental Farm (Moscow region, Russia) as a result of long-term selection and crossbreeding zebu (Bos indicus L.) with cattle (Bos taurus L.). These hybrid cows have good physiological parameters, high resistance to diseases, and a significant adaptive potential. The quality of milk produced by zebu cows at different lactation and milking times has not been studied as well as their milking capacity. Therefore, we aimed to assess the variability of specific physicochemical indicators of milk produced by Snegiri’s zeboid dairy herd. Study objects and methods. The milk of 193 zeboid cows (6–12% of zebu blood) from the Snegiri Farm was analyzed by standard methods for quality indicators such as fat, nonfat milk solids, density, bound water, freezing point, protein, and lactose. Then, we determined how these indicators changed depending on the lactation number and the time of milking (morning/evening). Statistical analysis was applied to process the data. Results and discussion. Such indicators as nonfat milk solids, density, bound water, freezing point, protein, and lactose of zeboid cow milk were consistent with the normal indicators for raw cow’s milk. Only its fat content (4.39%) exceeded the norm. We found no correlation between the quality of milk and the number of lactations. However, the evening milk was more concentrated, with a significant increase in nonfat milk solids and density, as well as with a lower freezing point. Conclusion. Zeboid cows, which can be bred in suboptimal conditions, produce milk suitable for dairy products since it has a high fat content regardless of lactation and milking time.
Zeboid cattle, milk, quality indicators, fat, nonfat milk solids, density, freezing point
INTRODUCTION Crossbreeding zebu (Bos indicus L.) with cattle (Bos Taurus L.) has produced hybrids that are well adapted to different natural and climatic conditions [1]. Although zebu cows are less prolific and have lower milk productivity than B. taurus breeds, they are better adapted to the environment and more resistant to a number of diseases [2]. Zebu milk has a very high content of fat (5–6%) and protein (3.7–4.2%) [3]. Therefore, zebus are crossbred to produce hybrids with high-fat milk [4]. Like zebu, zeboid cows produce milk that is suitable for dairy products (butter, cheese, cream, cottage cheese, etc.). In addition, high-fat milk production is more cost-effective. Since one liter of 3.5% milk contains 30% less fat than one liter of 5% milk, farmers need more low-fat milk to produce, cool, store, transport, and process, which increases the cost of a dairy product [5]. This field has been so important that the Soviet Union established a special authority, the Council for 172 Beketov S.V. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2022, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 172–175 Breeding Zebu and Zeboid cattle, to provide guidance to its farms [6]. As a result, Azerbaijan created a new breed of dairy cattle – the Azerbaijani Brown – by crossing zebu with the Brown Swiss and Brown Carpathian breeds. The new breed produced high-fat milk [6]. In 1967, Uzbekistan created the Bushuyev breed by crossing local zeboid cattle with the Dutch and Swiss bulls [7]. This breed was made up of 5 main lines, with the Mota TE-10 line producing the highest-fat milk (4.14%) [8]. The farms in the Vakhsh Valley, Tajikistan, crossed local zeboid cattle with the Brown Swiss to create the Tajik intra-breed type of the Swiss zeboid cattle. The cows of this type yielded 3000 kg of 4% fat milk [9]. Turkmenistan crossed zeboid cattle with the Red Steppe bulls to produce the Red zeboid cattle with a milk yield of 2000–2500 kg and a fat content of 3.8– 4,0 % [7]. In 1956, the Snegiri Scientific and Experimental Farm of the Main Botanical Garden (Moscow region) became the first institution in the European part of Russia to experimentally cross the Azerbaijani zebu with the Black Pied breed [10]. The farm developed a unique breed of dairy zeboid cattle that was highly productive in a temperate climate zone with an average annual temperature of +4°C. Subsequently, new hybrids were created by crossing this unique breed with the Cuban and New Zealand zebu, as well as the Punjabi Sahiwal zebu. Then, the Snegiri Farm developed schemes to cross their bulls with other breeds, including the Black Pied, Jersey, Ayrshire, Kholmogory, AulieAta, Simmental, Red Steppe, and Brown Latvian breeds. In 1999, they began to use Holstein bulls in crossbreeding to increase milk yield and improve the shape of the udder in hybrid cows [3]. The resulting crossbreeds were resistant to tuberculosis, brucellosis, leukemia, and other diseases. They inherited high fat and protein contents from zebu, had a good physiological capacity for milking, and increased milk yield in better feeding and maintenance conditions [11, 12]. Among Snegiri’s zeboid cattle, the Elite-Record class crossbreeds produce maximum milk yield (over 5000 kg per lactation), with an average fat content of 4.64% [3]. Although the factors of milk production by zeboid cows have been studied quite well, the milk’s quality indicators deserve more attention [3, 10, 13, 14]. Therefore, we aimed to study individual physicochemical indicators of milk produced by Snegiri’s zeboid cattle depending on the number of lactations and the time of milking (morning or evening). STUDY OBJECTS AND METHODS We studied the milk of 193 zeboid cows (6–12% of zebu blood) bred by the Snegiri Farm. In particular, we determined milk quality indicators such as fat, nonfat milk solids, density, bound water, freezing point, protein, and lactose. Then, we analyzed how they changed depending on the lactation number and milking time (morning/evening). The above quality indicators were determined by the following methods: fat content by the Gerber method (volumetrically); nonfat milk solids – by calculation; Table 1 Quality indicators (M ± σ) of zeboid cattle milk against lactation number (Snegiri Farm, Moscow region) Number of cows, n Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk Fat, % Nonfat milk solids, % Density, °А Bound water, % Freezing point, (–10–2°С) Protein, % Lactose, % First lactation 85 4.45 ± 0.760 8.25 ± 0.338 26.51 ± 1.367 3.13 ± 0.899 54.18 ± 2.036 3.08 ± 1.229 4.69 ± 0.185 Second lactation 15 4.34 ± 0.856 8.39 ± 0.301 26.14 ± 1.433 2.20 ± 0.148 54.99 ± 1.835 2.99 ± 0.110 4.77 ± 0.167 Third lactation 26 4.45 ± 0.931 8.34 ± 0.324 26.87 ± 1.405 2.51 ± 0.621 54.68 ± 1.979 2.98 ± 0.122 4.74 ± 0.176 Fourth lactation 32 4.54 ± 1.205 8.09 ± 0.783 26.32 ± 1.877 3.13 ± 0.119 54.01 ± 2.242 2.94 ± 0.136 4.60 ± 0.444 Fifth lactation 13 4.46 ± 0.707 8.17 ± 0.467 26.17 ± 1.593 3.93 ± 0.517 53.58 ± 2.822 2.92 ± 0.169 4.64 ± 0.253 Sixth lactation 7 4.01 ± 1.037 8.29 ± 0.299 27.03 ± 1.203 2.82 ± 0.513 54.38 ± 1.784 2.95 ± 0.113 4.72 ± 0.164 Seventh lactation 6 3.83 ± 0.955 8.25 ± 0.264 27.03 ± 1.006 2.98 ± 0.414 54.28 ± 1.510 2.92 ± 0.104 4.64 ± 0.163 Eighth lactation 9 3.77 ± 1.087* 8.30 ± 0.278 27.28 ± 1.927 2.51 ± 0.379 54.62 ± 1.759 2.96 ± 0.094 4.73 ± 0.163 Mean values for all lactations 193 4.39 ± 0.911 8.25 ± 0.445 26.62 ± 1.510 3.08 ± 0.929 54.27 ± 2.069 3.01 ± 0.821 4.69 ± 0.249 Note: * P < 0.05 173 Beketov S.V. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2022, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 172–175 density – on a lactodensimeter; bound water – in a RD-8 dryer (Funke Gerber); freezing point – cryoscopically; protein content – by the Kjeldahl method; and lactose content – by the refractometric method. The standard deviation (σ) indicated the variability of the mean value (M). Primary data grouping and biometric calculations were performed in Excel Microsoft and STATISTICA. Randomly selected data were statistically analyzed by the Student’s t-test, with the normality of distribution preliminarily determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The nonparametric MannWhitney U-test was used in case the populations from which the data were selected for comparison were not distributed normally. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of milk quality against lactation number (Table 1) showed that only the eighth lactation cows had a significant decrease in milk fat compared with the first lactation cows (3.77 and 4.45%, respectively) (P < 0.05). We noticed that this indicator became more variable with the age of the cows (σ = 0.760 for the 1st lactation and σ = 1.087 for the 8th lactation). As we can see in Table 1, the mean fat content (4.39%) in the zeboid cattle milk was significantly higher than the standard content (3.4%) in Russia. The mean protein content (3.01%) was consistent with the Russian norm (3%). The freezing point (–0.543°С) of the milk samples was in line with the Russian Standard for raw cow’s milk (R 52054- 2003) and the European Standard for the extra grade milk [15]. The contents of bound (adsorption-bound) water (3.08%), lactose (4.69%), and NONFAT MILK SOLIDS (8.25%) were consistent with the standard indicators of cattle milk (2–3.5, 3.6–5.5, and > 8.2%, respectively) [16–18]. The mean density of the zeboid cattle milk (26.62°А) corresponded to the minimum norm for high-quality milk, 1.027 g/cm3 (27°А). The low density of zebu milk Table 2. Quality indicators (M ± σ) of zeboid cattle milk against lactation number and milking time (Snegiri Farm, Moscow region) Milking time Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk Fat, % Nonfat milk solids, % Density, °А Bound water, % Freezing point, (–10–2°С) Protein, % Lactose, % First lactation, n = 85 Morning 5.09 ± 0.633 8.16 ± 0.380 26.10 ± 1.709 3.83 ± 0.577 53.57 ± 2.181 3.18 ± 2.475 4.64 ± 0.210 Evening 4.39 ± 0.974 8.35 ± 0.348** 26.92 ± 1.566** 2.42 ± 0.774* 54.80 ± 2.370 2.98 ± 0.129 4.74 ± 0.193** Second lactation, n = 15 Morning 4.58 ± 1.408 8.26 ± 0.271 26.42 ± 1.810 2.94 ± 0.580 54.15 ± 1.709 2.95 ± 0.096 4.70 ± 0.154 Evening 4.11 ± 0.861 8.51 ± 0.386* 27.86 ± 1.949* 1.46 ± 0.390 55.83 ± 2.409* 3.04 ± 0.138 4.84 ± 0.218* Third lactation, n = 26 Morning 4.67 ± 1.171 8.26 ± 0.327 26.34 ± 1.811 3.10 ± 0.960 54.17 ± 2.039 2.95 ± 0.118 4.69 ± 0.185 Evening 4.22 ± 1.394 8.42 ± 0.398 27.13 ± 1.936* 1.90 ± 0.825 55.23 ± 2.515 3.01 ± 0.148 4.70 ± 0.217 Fourth lactation, n = 32 Morning 4.76 ± 1.433 8.16 ± 0.299 25.86 ± 1.770 3.90 ± 0.892 53.50 ± 1.759 2.92 ± 0.109 4.63 ± 0.169 Evening 4.31 ± 1.652 8.02 ± 1.546 26.78 ± 2.945 3.55 ± 0.953 54.52 ± 3.184 2.96 ± 0.180 4.56 ± 0.880 Fifth lactation, n = 13 Morning 4.40 ± 0.448 8.13 ± 0.448 26.06 ± 1.548 3.98 ± 0.120 53.35 ± 2.850 2.90 ± 0.169 4.63 ± 0.242 Evening 4.52 ± 0.721 8.22 ± 0.527 26.28 ± 1.848 3.88 ± 0.004 55.81 ± 3.018 2.93 ± 0.197 4.67 ± 0.286 Sixth lactation, n = 7 Morning 3.57 ± 0.701 8.24 ± 0.271 27.24 ± 0.866 2.94 ± 0.332 54.17 ± 1.614 2.93 ± 0.104 4.70 ± 0.146 Evening 4.45 ± 1.668 8.33 ± 0.390 26.81 ± 2.209 2.71 ± 0.212 54.59 ± 2.400 2.98 ± 0.143 4.74 ± 0.220 Seventh lactation, n = 6 Morning 3.77 ± 1.242 8.27 ± 0.312 27.18 ± 1.612 2.87 ± 0.378 54.33 ± 1.881 2.90 ± 0.164 4.60 ± 0.340 Evening 3.90 ± 1.167 8.23 ± 0.303 26.88 ± 1.552 3.09 ± 0.067 54.22 ± 1.777 2.93 ± 0.114 4.68 ± 0.164 Eighth lactation, n = 9 Morning 3.92 ± 0.897 8.26 ± 0.241 27.68 ± 2.130 2.68 ± 0.130 54.52 ± 1.543 2.94 ± 0.086 4.70 ± 0.137 Evening 3.63 ± 1.022 8.33 ± 0.451 27.54 ± 3.463 2.34 ± 0.886 54.71 ± 2.763 2.97 ± 0.147 4.75 ± 0.272 Mean values for all lactations, n = 193 Morning 4.74 ± 1.853 8.19 ± 0.345 26.23 ± 1.706 3.57 ± 0.303 54.02 ± 3.970 3.04 ± 1.644 4.66 ± 0.198 Evening 4.29 ± 1.235 8.30 ± 0.724* 27.01 ± 2.075*** 2.59 ± 0.162** 54.79 ± 2.583* 2.98 ± 0.147 4.72 ± 0.410 Note: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.00 174 Beketov S.V. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2022, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 172–175 is probably due to its high fat content, since studies show a decrease in density with an increase in fat [19]. Then, we analyzed the milk quality indicators in relation to the milking time (morning/evening) of the zeboid cattle of different lactations (Table 2). We found that fat and protein contents in the morning and evening milk changed randomly within 3.57–5.09 and 2.90– 3.18%, respectively. However, nonfat milk solids levels in the milk from the first and second lactations, as well as the mean value for all lactations, were significantly higher in the evening. The same trend was observed for the density of milk in the first three lactations and the mean values. The lactose content increased significantly by the evening milking only in the first and second lactations. However, the freezing point in the second lactation and the amount of bound water in the first and second lactations, as well as on average for all lactations, significantly decreased in the evening milking. On the whole, the evening milk (Table 2) showed a significant decrease in bound water (from 3.57 to 2.59%) with a simultaneous increase in nonfat milk solids (from 8.19 to 8.23%) and a rise in milk density (from 26.23 to 27.01°A). The high density of the evening milk might be due to an increased amount of dissolved minerals, since the mean contents of protein and lactose did not change significantly in the entire herd. This was evidenced by the decrease in the freezing point of the evening milk from 54.02×10–2 to –54.79×10–2 °С. The changes in the chemical and physical indicators of milk quality were primarily caused by the milk produced in the first three lactations. Besides, the number of cows in the first, second, and third lactations prevailed in the zeboid cattle herd. Noteworthily, the crossing of zebu (Bos indicus L.) with cattle (Bos taurus L.) results in a pronounced relative heterosis, or the superiority of hybrids over the worst of the parental forms, in terms of milk quality, especially its fat content. Various authors have reported the following fat contents in the milk of the breeds that were used to create the zeboid cattle at the Snegiri Farm: 3.39 (Black Pied), 5.87 (Jersey), 4 (Ayrshire), 3.68 (Kholmogory), 3.85 (Aulie-Ata), 3.89 (Simmental), 3.82 (Red Steppe), 4.01 (Brown Latvian), and 3.6% (Holstein) [3, 8, 20–22]. The zebu (Azerbaijani, Cuban, New Zealand, and Sahiwal) produced 5.1–6.0% fat milk and the zeboid cattle in our study, 4.39% fat milk [ibid.]. These data revealed an advantage of zeboid cattle over traditional breeds, since water metabolism in cows producing higher-fat milk puts less pressure on their body and is more economical in terms of energy and feed. CONCLUSION As a result of the study, we made the following conclusions. 1. The physicochemical indicators of zeboid cattle milk quality (fat, nonfat milk soilds, density, bound water, freezing point, protein, lactose) were consistent with the Russian standards for raw cow’s milk, except for the fat content (4.39%), which significantly exceeded the norm. 2. The changes in the physicochemical indicators did not depend on the number of lactations. Only the eighth lactation cows showed a decrease in milk fat with age. 3. The evening milk was more concentrated, which manifested in an increased amount of NONFAT MILK SOLIDS, higher density, and a lower freezing point. 4. Given the high fat content, zeboid cattle milk is suitable to produce dairy products, regardless of lactation number and milking time. Besides, zeboid cattle can be bred effectively under suboptimal maintenance conditions. CONTRIBUTION The authors were equally involved in writing the manuscript and are equally responsible for plagiarism. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
1. Mei C, Wang H, Liao Q, Wang L, Cheng G, Wang H, et al. Genetic architecture and selection of Chinese cattle revealed by whole genome resequencing. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2018;35(3):688-699. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx322.
2. Utsunomiya YT, Milanesi M, Fortes MRS, Porto-Neto LR, Utsunomiya ATH, Silva MVGB, et al. Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of Bos indicus cattle. Animal Genetics. 2019;50(6):557-568. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12836.
3. Amerkhanov KA, Solovyeva OI, Morozova NI, Karzayeva NN, Rusanova NG. Assessment of the economic effect of using the black-motley cattle breed with the zebu pedigree in dairy cattle breeding. Izvestiya of Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. 2020;(2):116-133. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26897/0021-342X-2020-2-116-135.
4. Glazko VI, Boronetskaya OI, Erkenov TA, Kakhovich BV, Glazko TT. Genetic relationship between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Genetics and Breeding of Animals. 2019;(3):48-57. (In Russ.).
5. Dokhi Ya. Vyvedenie spetsializirovannogo skota molochnogo tipa dlya promyshlennykh ferm [Breeding specialized dairy cattle for commercial farms]. In: Glembotskiy YaL, editor. Aktualʹnye voprosy prikladnoy genetiki v zhivotnovodstve [Topical issues of applied genetics in animal husbandry]. Moscow: Kolos; 1982. pp. 118-143. (In Russ.).
6. Verdiev ZK, Veli-zade DI. Fiziko-khimicheskie svoystva moloka zebu [Physicochemical properties of zebu milk]. Dairy Industry. 1960;(4):26-27. (In Russ.).
7. Amerkhanov KhA, Shevkhuzhev AF, Ehlʹdarov BA. Gibridizatsiya krupnogo rogatogo skota na Severnom Kavkaze [Crossbreeding of cattle in the North Caucasus]. Moscow: Ileksa; 2014. 419 p. (In Russ.).
8. Ehrnst LK. Geneticheskie resursy selʹskokhozyaystvennykh zhivotnykh v Rossii i sopredelʹnykh stranakh [Genetic resources of farm animals in Russia and neighboring countries]. St. Petersburg: VNIIGRZH; 1994. 469 p. (In Russ.).
9. Zabashta NN, Tilloev IT, Tuzova SA, Zabashta AV. Growth features of the golstinized and switzebuid young. Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University. 2019;(81):251-255. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-81-251-255.
10. Upelniek VP, Zavgorodniy SV, Makhnova EN, Senator SA. The history of the origin and prospects for the spread of the zebu-type black-and-white cattle (review). Achievements of Science and Technology in Agro-Industrial Complex. 2020;34(12):66-72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24411/0235-2451-2020-11211.
11. Ivanov VA, Marzanov NS, Eliseeva LI, Tadzhiyev KP, Marzanova SN. Genotypes of cattle breeds and quality of milk. Problems of Productive Animal Biology. 2017;(3):48-65. (In Russ.).
12. Khusainova AA. The use of zebu in breeding with cattle. Molodezhʹ i nauka [Youth and Science]. 2013;(4). (In Russ.).
13. Boison SA, Utsunomiya ATH, Santos DJA,Neves HHR, Carvalheiro R, Mészáros G, et al. Accuracy of genomic predictions in Gyr (Bos indicus) dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100(7):5479-5490. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11811.
14. Ashokan M, Ramesha KP, Hallur S, Karthikkeyan G, Rana E, Azharuddin N, et al. Differences in milk metabolites in Malnad Gidda (Bos indicus) cows reared under pasture-based feeding system. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82412-z.
15. Pautova EA, Kosmovich EYu, Vodchits EA, Evtushenko KO. Pokazateli kachestva moloka v zavisimosti ot ego sortovoy prinadlezhnosti [Quality indicators of milk of different grades]. Nauchnyy potentsial molodezhi - budushchemu Belarusi: materialy XIII mezhdunarodnoy molodezhnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [Scientific Potential of Youth to the Future of Belarus: Proceedings of the 13th international youth scientific and practical conference]; 2019; Pinsk. Pinsk: Polessky State University; 2019. p. 80-82. (In Russ.).
16. Ginzburg AS, Gromov MA, Krasovskaya GI. Teplofizicheskie kharakteristiki pishchevykh produktov [Thermophysical characteristics of food products]. Moscow: Pishchevaya promyshlennostʹ; 1980. 288 p. (In Russ.).
17. Bylund G. Dairy processing handbook. Lund: Tetra Pak Processing Systems; 1995. 436 r.
18. Smirnov AV. Praktikum po veterinarno-sanitarnoy ehkspertize [Practical course of veterinary and sanitary examination]. St. Petersburg: GIORD; 2015. 320 p. (In Russ.).
19. Gorbatova KK. Biokhimiya moloka i molochnykh produktov [Biochemistry of milk and dairy products].St. Petersburg: GIORD, 2004. 336 p. (In Russ.).
20. Markova KV, Alʹtman AD. Kakie faktory vliyayut na sostav moloka [What factors affect the composition of milk]. Moscow: Ministerstvo selʹskogo khozyaystva RSFSR; 1963. 157 p. (In Russ.).
21. Tamarovsky MV, Karymsakov TN, Abdullaev KSh, Zhumanov KZh. Condition and prospects for breeding of dairy cattle of aulieatinskaya breed in Kazakhstan. Zootechniya. 2020;(8):2-5. (In Russ.).
22. Firsova EhV, Kartashova AP. Osnovnye porody molochnogo skota v khozyaystvakh Rossiyskoy Federatsii [The main breeds of dairy cattle in the farms of the Russian Federation]. Izvesniya Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University. 2019;(55):69-75. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24411/2078-1318-2019-12069.
