Application of essential oils in controlling plant pathogens is generally associated with difficulty due to low solubility in water, strong odor, physical and chemical instability. One of the ways to minimise these effects is to use a nanoemulsion system. It also increases the antimicrobial properties. In this research, after preparation of cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum L.) essential oil (CEO), nanoemulsion of the essential oil was prepared and its physical and chemical properties were determined. The particle size of nanoemulsion was determined to be 115.33 ± 3.97 nm. Emulsification and nanoemulsion of the essential oil along with thiabendazole as an antifungal agent at various concentrations of active ingredient were studied for control of Rhizopus stolonifera and Botrytis cinerea fungi, strawberry fruit decay. Results in solid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium indicated that emulsion and nanoemulsion of CEO have a significant difference in antifungal activity against B. cinerea and R. stolonifera. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 500 and 1,000 μl fungi per liter of culture medium. According to the results of the research, essential oil nanoemulsion had a significant effect on the reduction of a fungal cartilage of strawberry fruit. In general, nano-emulsions of the essential oil showed more antifungal activity than essential oil. There was no significant difference in decay control between thiabendazole and CEO. The nano-emulsion of cinna- mon oil at a concentration of 0.2% proved significant effect in reducing fruit decay and showed the lowest fruit infec- tion (5.43%). Consequently, nano-emulsion of essential oil is recommended for the production of natural fungicides.
Cinnamon essential oil, strawberry, control of fungal rot, nanoemulsion, Botrytis cinerea
Strawberries have a very short shelf life because of the high susceptibility to fungal agents. The use of artifi- cial antifungal chemical compounds has been a concern for increasing the shelf life of this fruit. For this reason, it is necessary to use safe methods to control decomposi- tion and maintain the quality of strawberry fruit during storage.
The strawberry belongs to the family Rosaceae and belongs to the genus Fragaria [1]. Due to the presence of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin, it has a high antioxi- dant effect and has many healing properties, such as en- hancing the immune system and reducing the incidence of cancers [2], Its susceptibility to fungal rot, especially Rhizopus stolonifer, and grey mold produced by Botrytis cinerea, as well as high respiration rate, high water con- tent (about 91%), and high metabolic activity have made strawberry one of the most corrosive fruit with short
lifespan [3]. Therefore, the use of chemical pesticides to reduce the damage caused by pathogens after harvest is a matter of course [4–6].
The use of fungicides is the best way to control post-harvest diseases. Spraying fruits with Benomyl before and with Thiabendazole immediately after har- vesting is the most commonly used control method for post-harvest disease. Another effective method is washi- ng fruits with sodium ortho-phenyl phenate or Imazalil as soluble or homogeneous treatments in packaging and packing lines of factories [7]. The use of these chemical pesticides results in acne or chronic toxicity to non-tar- get organisms, including humans, which are associated with cumulative properties of living organisms or car- cinogenicity [8].
Today, due to the special attention to human health and the environment, incentives to find alternatives to pesti- cides have become much more advanced. Therefore, it is
also essential to strengthen natural methods, using of anti- fungal herbal products, Gyawali and Ibrahim [9]. Essential oils also provide cropping of agricultural products and food due to their influence on the vapor phase and the possibility of controlling afterbirth [1, 10, 11].
An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible and sus- pended liquid phases. Depending on the dispersed phase, the emulsion is divided into two groups: oil-in-water (O/W), where oil droplets are suspended in water, and water-in-oil (W/O), where the water is suspended in oil. The emulsion systems used for conveying compounds are divided into conventional macromolecular emulsions and nanoemulsions [12]. Some of their properties are similar, including composition, structure, and thermody- namic properties, but some of the characteristics are dif- ferent because of differences in particle size. The size of nanoemulsion particles is 20–50 nm, which is much less than the wavelength of the light, so they do not diffuse the light intensity and thus are transparent or somewhat foggy [13].
Nanoemulsions have used in the manufacture of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In cosme- tics, rice bran oil is used in the preparation of sun- screens, anti-aging creams, and for skin disease treat- ment. The size and diffusion of particles can affect the properties of nanoemulsion, such as stability, rheological properties, colour, and texture [14].
Unfortunately, some of the characteristics, including low solubility in water, volatility and strong odor of es- sential oils, have restricted the use of these natural com- pounds in foods, especially drinking materials [15, 16]. Moreover, essential oils in foods make unpleasant smells and tastes to consumers, so nowadays we try to reduce the undesirable effects of essential oils.
One of the ways to minimise these adverse effects is to use the nanoemulsion that increases the stability of volatile compounds, protects them against interac- tions with other compounds, and increases antimicrobial properties by increasing cellular absorption [17, 18].
In this research, we tried to investigate the effect of emulsion and nanoemulsion of cinnamon on controlling the cartilage and grey mold rot of strawberry. The aim of the research was to minimise the strawberry strain losses between the manufacturer and the consumer and the remaining residue of chemical pesticides. If desired, it can be used as an alternative to chemical fungicides to reduce post-harvest lesions of strawberry fruit.
STUDY OBJECTS AND METHODS
Plant material and essential oil extraction. The dried bark of the Cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylani- cum Blume) was provided from the laboratory sample maintenance unit of RUDN University, Moscow, Russia and then grounded. The essential oil was extracted via distillation by water during three hours using a Cleven- ger apparatus. Fifty grams of herbal sample was used for essential oil extraction for each treatment. Experiments were carried out in three replications. The obtained es- sential oil was dewatered by dry sodium sulfate and kept in dark glasses at 4°C until antifungal test [6].
Formulation of nanoemulsion essential oil. For- mulation of 10% nanoemulsion essential oil of the Cinnamon was provided from chemistry enginee- ring group of plants and pharmaceutical raw ma- terials from Shahid Beheshti University in Teh- ran, Iran [18]. In order to obtain nanoparticles of required size, the ultrasonic transducers of a Swiss MTI model (400 W, 220 V, 20.5 kHz, 30% ampli- tude, and 19 cm probe diameter) was used. Span 80 (Sorbitan monooleate), Tween 80 (Polysorbate 80), and Lecithin were used to make nanoemulsion. Finally, the containers with the nanoemulsion were covered and kept in the fridge.
The particle size of nanoemulsions. The particle size of nanoemulsion was determined with the help of a DLS device. The device obtained the range of particle distribution, as well [19, 20].
Providing the propagule of pathogen. Two most common fungi as the decay factor of strawberry fruits namely B. cinerea SBU205 and R. stolonifera SBU205 were taken from a collection of microbes of RUDN University. In order to supply the intended isolated pro- pagule, it was cultivated for a week on PDA medium at 25°C. A 12-hour light/darkness period was used. The spore suspension was prepared in sterile distilled water containing 0.05% of Tween 80 and then reached to con- centration of 104 spores per millimeter of sterile distilled water by a hemocytometer [11].
Antifungal effect of emulsion and nanoemulsion of the Cinnamon essential oil. The antifungal effect of emulsion and nanoemulsion of CEO on two fungi of strawberry fruits, namely grey mold and soft rot was investigated by the method of mixing the essential oil and PDA cultivation medium. For this purpose, a 10% emulsion was prepared from the intended essential oil in a solution of Tween 80 (0.5%). Moreover, the Tween 80 solution (0.05%) was considered as the control treat- ment. Flasks containing the PDA cultivation medium were kept at room temperature after being put in the autoclave until 42–45°C. Concentrations of 0.125, 0.25,
0.5 and 1.0% of CEO emulsion and nanoemulsion, which equaled 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 µl of essential oil re- spectively, were transferred separately into flasks with the PDA medium and were mixed to be unified.
The samples obtained were immediately put into Petri dishes with the diameter of 9 m–2. After they got solid, the cork borer provided fungal disks with the dia- meter of 5 mm from young cultivations of the stated fun- gus. One fungi disk was then put in the middle of the Pe- tri dishes with cultivation medium which were put in an incubator at 25°C. After 24 hours, the vegetative growth of fungi was measured until the surface of the cultiva- tion medium of control Petri dishes were totally occu- pied by fungi. In this test, three replications were carried out for each treatment.
Antifungal effects on strawberry fruits. Straw- berry fruits of Selva variety (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Selva) without any physical or chemical problems and equal in size and ripeness index were provided by a greenhouse situated in Moscow, Russia. For superficial
disinfection, the fruits were immersed in 0.1% hypochlo-
rite sodium for 30 s and then they were washed twice by sterile distilled water. After getting dry, in sterile con- ditions, they were immersed in spore suspensions of
R. stolonifera and B. cinerea for one minute via two se- parate tests. The concentration was 1×104 of spores per a millimeter of sterile distilled water. Further, CEO emul- sion and nanoemulsion at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2% were added into sterile distilled water and were used for treatment of the inoculated fruits via spraying.
Thiabendazole fungicide (tacto 60) in sterile dis- tilled water (at the concentration of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% active ingredient) was used as a control. Other control treatments included infected samples (fruits inoculated by pathogen spore and sprayed by sterile distilled water containing 0.5% of Tween 80) and sound/safe samples (healthy fruits sprayed by sterile distilled water contai- ning 0.5% of Tween 80) [21]. Every five fruits were put as a repetition in one plastic transparent dish with di- mensions of 14×11×14 cm [22].
Percentages of Rhizopus rottenness and grey de- cay in strawberry fruits were measured after five and 10 days of storage at 25°C, respectively. The infection of each fruit was based on its mashing, rottenness of fruit’s surface; as such that each fruit was divided into eight parts, the symptoms of infection in each part es- timated as 12.5% [23, 24]. In other words, the intensity of disease among the infected strawberry fruits ranged
significance levels of 1 and 5% with the help of Duncan’s multiple range test. All statistical analyses were per- formed using SPSS software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Size dispersion and distribution of nanoemul- sion. According to Fig. 1, the mean size of the Cinna- mon nanoemulsion was equal to 115.33 ± 3.97 nm. The distribution range of particle size of the Cinnamon na- noemulsion was 15.56 ± 3.90 nm.
Antifungal effect of essential oil emulsion and na- noemulsion in laboratory. The results obtained from investigating the antifungal effect of CEO emulsion and nanoemulsion on the growth of fungus showed that gen- erally, an increase in the concentration of essential oil has led to increasing in antifungal activity. The intensity of increase in the deterrence property was observable on
B. cinerea fungi (Table 1). Regarding the results, emul- sion and nanoemulsion of CEO with minimum complete deterrence concentration equaled 500 µl per litre of cul- tivation medium demonstrated the antifungal activity against B. cinerea fungi. It also showed complete deter
rence against R. stolonifera fungi in the concentration of 1,000 µl per litre of cultivation medium (Table 1). Re- sults of sub-culturing of fungal disks in the treatments where no fungal growth was observed showed that CEO emulsion and nanoemulsion at the concentration of 1,000
µl of active ingredient per one liter of cultivation medi- um had strong fungicide effect against both fungi.
Reduction of grey mold on strawberry fruits. Amount of strawberry grey mold in infected control samples was computed as 98.33%. There is a significant difference among treatments in terms of grey rottenness amount (Table 2). Generally, an increase at the concen- tration of the essential oil emulsion and nanoemulsion led to increasing in antifungal activity. Essential oil emulsion at the concentration of 0.2% and essential oil nanoemul- sion at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2% showed the hig- hest amount of deterrence from the grey mold of fruit. There was no significant difference between them, but they had the significant difference with thiabendazole. CEO nanoemulsion at the concentration of 0.2% showed no significant difference with the sound control samples where the infection was zero. Thiabendazole fungicide at the highest concentration (0.2%) with 11.54% infection showed less impact than nanoemulsion.
Reduction of soft rot on strawberry fruits. Emul- sion and nanoemulsion of the essential oil had a signif- icant effect on the rate of infection due to the reduced activity of the R. stolonifera fungus (Table 3). The re- sults obtained from examining the essential oil showed a decline of rottenness due to R. stolonifera on the fifth day of storage. Generally, an increase in the concentra- tion of the essential oil led to increasing in antifungal ac- tivity and the essential oil at the concentration of 0.2% demonstrated the highest deterrence from fungi growth. Other concentrations of CEO were not so effective. The antifungal activity of nanoemulsion enhanced with in- creased concentration, thus Cinnamon nanoemulsion at
the concentration of 0.2% displayed the highest rate of control by 13.50% of infection.
The use of medicinal herbs in the pharmaceutical and food industries are expanding due to the active biologi- cal compounds in herbs. In addition, extensive research has showed that secondary metabolites of certain me- dicinal plants are effective in preventing the growth of pathogenic fungi. This makes them an appropriate alter- native to chemical pesticides [25].
A number of studies report about the effectiveness of essential oils of some medicinal herbs, such as Sour, Thyme, Cinnamon, Marjoram, Basil, etc., in the control of post-harvest disease in storehouses [10, 26–28]. In Iran, the use of essential oils such as basil, fennel, green substitute, sweet pepper, and peppermint to control of
B. cinerea and R. stolonifer growth is proved to be ef- fective [29–32]. Similarly, the use of herbal essential oils such as marjoram and cinnamon in vegetable washings has had great success in controlling molds and vegeta- ble pathogens [33, 34]. In the study by Saranya et al. [7] about the antibacterial properties of a nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil against Proteus mirabilis, the size of par- ticles produced was on average 20 nm. Differences in the size of nanoparticles were due to differences in the types of production methods, while physicochemical properties of the dispersed phase were constant [7, 35].
In our research, CEO also showed significant anti- fungal activity in controlling grey caries and strawber- ry fruiting. The preventive effect of essential oils on the growth of the fungus was due to the presence of its ac- tive substances. Results of the analysis of essential oils have shown that the main component of cinnamon is cinnamaldehyde which has had antifungal and antimi- crobial activity [28, 36].
Unfortunately, essential oils are difficult to use due to low solubility in water, high vapor pressure, and physi- cal and chemical instability. Also, essential oils also
have an adverse effect on sensory characteristics of the product [37]. One of the ways to minimise this effect is to use nanoemulsion, which allow increasing the stability and half-life of the active substance as well as the ease of reaching the targeted spot on the surface, provided size of the particles is small. In addition, it improves the antimi- crobial properties by increasing cellular uptake [12, 17].
On the other hand, the particle size of a nanoemul- sion indicates the degree of stability: the larger the par- ticle size, the greater particle size distribution. Thus, the nanoemulsion is more unstable because interconnection of larger particles cause aggregate formation and lead to the instability of the nanoemulsion [38, 39].
In this study, the particle size distribution of the es- sential oil was about 115 nm, indicating its stability. In fact, the physical and chemical properties of nanoemul- sions can be quite different from those of emulsions, as we demonstrate herein. The use of solvents provides the nanoemulsion of essential oils with appropriate visco- sity and stability [15]. In addition, the small size of the particles is also very important for increasing the sta- bility and half-life of the active substance and the ease of reaching the workplace [35, 40]. In this research, na- noemulsion of CEO compared to essential oil showed higher antifungal activity against grey caries and soft carcass strawberries.
Similar results were obtained by [18, 20, 41] about the effectiveness of CEO nanoemulsion, savory, and thyme in controlling human pathogenic bacteria. Also, the application of nanoemulsions of Thymus vulga- ris L. and Satureja khuzistanica L. has been effective in controlling strawberry’s soft deciduous caries [16]. Na- noemulsions are used as lipophilic transfer systems in the pharmaceutical industry, as flavoring and antibacte- rial agents in the food industry, as solvents for solving insoluble pesticides in water in the agriculture, as well as carriers of skin care and personal care products in cosmetic products [19]. Particles of nanoemulsions con- tact the patient’s cell wall and begin to destroy them. This non-specialised mechanism does not cause resis- tance to strains.
On the other hand, regarding the application of es- sential oils as plant fungicides, the production of a sta- ble, homogeneous, organic aquatic system facilitates its commercial use. The ease of use is possible due to the rapid dilution of emulsions in water by farmers and other consumers [16]. The results of our research allow us to suggest cinnamon nanoemulsion for controlling straw- berry storage fungus under post-harvest conditions.
CONCLUSION
Larger particle size is known to lead to unstable na- noemulsion because particles form aggregates. In the current research, essential oil of cinnamon showed con- siderable antifungal activity against the grey Rhizopus rots of strawberry. The preventive effect of essential oil against fungi growth is due to their active ingredients. The nanoemulsion technology may be a potential me- thod to satisfy the demands of commercialization formu- lations.
In most cases, CEO nanoemulsion in comparison to essential oil indicated greater antifungal activity in con- trolling the soft rot of strawberry. Generally, increasing the concentration of essential oil raised the antifungal activity and essential oil at the concentration of 0.2% showed the highest rate of deterrence from fungi growth that had a significant difference with other concentra- tions. In nano essential oil, increasing the concentration led to increasing in antifungal activity, as such that cin- namon nanoemulsion in the concentration of 0.2% with 13.5% infection represented the highest rate of control of antifungal activity against the grey Rhizopus rots of strawberry.
According to the results of this research, the cinna- mon nanoemulsion is suggested to control the growth of fungus on strawberry in a post-harvest period. In con- clusion, improved control activity and maintenance of strawberry quality by cinnamon nanoemulsion indicate that such a formulation is very promising. In addition, further experiments to explain the relationships between antimicrobial activity and chemical composition are un- derway. After completing the studies about its effects on qualitative characteristics of fruit and obtaining desi- rable results, it is proposed to produce and use it com- mercially as an alternative for chemical fungicides in or- der to reduce the postharvest wastes for strawberry.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of inte-
rests.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on the programme of improving the competi- tiveness of RUDN University among the world’s leading research and education centres during 2016-2020 finan- cially supported this research.
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